The soprano Christa Ludwig described him as ‘Le bon Dieu’. Scores of musicians, reviewers and listeners have long regarded him as simply untouchable in the art of conducting. There was, however, much about Herbert von Karajan that was distinctly ungodlike.
Ruthlessly ambitious as a young man and grimly autocratic in his later years, Karajan's life story is marked by bitter rivalries, feuds and, most notoriously, membership of the Nazi Party.
But then, just listen to the results. It's fascinating to look at the career, the controversy and the achievements of a conductor who still intrigues fans and detractors like no other musician.
Herbert von Karajan: early controversies
The early career of Herbert von Karajan continues to be swathed in controversy.
Was he an ardent Nazi or an ambitious opportunist? If he was a zealous party member, should we revere his recordings as much as we do? To what extent should any moral accountability weigh against Karajan’s musical achievement? And how much latitude can we extend to people who have, in artistic terms, given so generously?
Karajan is not alone in occupying this uncomfortable situation during this era. Similar debate surrounds other great musical figures who at least accommodated with the Nazis, including Richard Strauss, Carl Orff and Karl Böhm. Further back, Richard Wagner also evokes hostility in certain quarters with regard to his racial sentiments.
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But back to Herbert von Karajan's early years. When Adolf Hitler swept to power in January 1933, the 24-year-old Austrian Herbert von Karajan had already notched up nearly four seasons as an up-and-coming opera conductor in the South German city of Ulm.
Born in Salzburg in 1908 into a prosperous family, he had demonstrated gifts as a pianist and conductor while studying in Vienna. After graduation, his debut orchestral concert with the Salzburg Mozarteum Orchestra in January 1929, featuring works by Strauss, Mozart and Tchaikovsky, caused a local sensation and helped to secure him the contract in Ulm.
Karajan seized on the opportunity to learn his trade in Ulm. He cut his teeth on much of the operatic repertory, from Mozart and Beethoven to Puccini and Strauss, as well as the opera Schwanda der Dudelsacker by the Czech Jewish composer Jaromir Weinberger.
Karajan joins the Nazis
But after the Nazi takeover, Karajan's future wasn't assured...
In early 1933, German operatic life was thrown into turmoil as the regime hounded out musicians that were deemed politically and racially unacceptable. The Nazis also pursued a protectionist policy to limit employment for non-Germans.
Against this context, Karajan’s decision to join the Nazi Party in Salzburg in April 1933 should be understood as an opportunistic move which was probably designed to safeguard his position at Ulm. Whether it also signalled enthusiasm for Nazi policy is open to speculation. There is little doubt, though, that he hoped that the strong-arm methods of the Nazis would bring cultural stability to Germany.
Karajan retained his Ulm job for a further season. During this time he expanded his repertory to include a praised account of Strauss’s opera Arabella. But in March 1934 he was fired for professional intrigue involving a potential Jewish rival.
He did not have to wait long for a new post. Three months later he was made general music director in Aachen. Working in a larger theatre enabled Karajan to tackle more ambitious repertory, such as Wagner’s Ring cycle, Verdi’s Otello and Strauss’s Elektra.
He also consolidated his reputation in the concert hall, taking charge of Aachen’s annual season of orchestral and choral concerts. One pre-condition for accepting was that he should re-apply for membership of the Nazi Party, his earlier membership in Salzburg having lapsed. This was confirmed in March 1935.
In 1938, he actually flouted Nazi laws
In his 'denazification' trial in March 1946 Karajan argued that he had joined the Party to further his career. And indeed, he could not escape his obligation as Aachen’s general music director to provide the musical background for political occasions.
On 29 June 1935 Herbert von Karajan took part in a huge open-air orchestral and choral concert that celebrated the NSDAP (Nazi) Party Day. At a similar ceremony four years later, he conducted the close from Wagner’s opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
But his concert programmes seemed untainted by political interference: works by Debussy, Ravel, Kodály and Stravinsky rubbed shoulders with German ones. In 1938, Karajan flouted the law by programming Dukas’s Sorcerer’s Apprentice. Party authorities must have overlooked that Dukas was of Jewish descent.
By 1937 Karajan’s achievements in Aachen were attracting national interest.
In a special edition devoted to Germany’s conducting legacy, the journal Die Musik singled him out as a man who ‘can lead the new organisation of our cultural life in the spirit and direction which National Socialism demands’. Concert engagements in Gothenburg, Vienna, Amsterdam, Brussels and Stockholm helped to spread his name beyond Germany.
Yet for all this, Karajan set his sights even higher by hoping to make an impact in Berlin. This ambition was realised in 1938 with a ‘Strength through Joy’ concert with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. An engagement as conductor at the Berlin State Opera in Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde followed in October.
Dangerous times for Herbert von Karajan
Karajan may not have anticipated that with his move to Berlin he was stepping into a political cauldron over which he would have little control.
It began with a review of his Tristan, which appeared in the Berliner Zeitung. Under the title ‘Karajan the Miracle’, the critic Edwin von der Nüll lavished praise on the performance. He suggested that in conducting Wagner’s score from memory the 30-year-old conductor had achieved ‘something our great men in their fifties might envy’.
This was calculated to offend the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, who had previously ruled the roost in the same theatre. Karajan was set up as a pawn in the struggle for control of Berlin’s cultural institutions between Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels, a Furtwängler supporter, and Minister of Interior Hermann Goering, the patron of the Berlin State Opera.
In June 1939 Karajan conducted Die Meistersinger at the State Opera without a score. The performance collapsed when the baritone, a drunk Rudolf Bockelmann, made a serious error. Alas Hitler, in the audience, was furious, blaming instead Karajan’s insufficiently Germanic approach to Wagner by conducting from memory.
Further problems arose over his marriage in 1942 to the quarter Jewish Anita Gütermann, technically against the law.
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A prospering career
Yet, despite this and the suspicion of Goebbels and Hitler, and Furtwängler’s jealousy, Karajan's career actually prospered during World War Two. He conducted Bach’s B Minor Mass in Paris for the occupying German soldiers in 1940. And he returned to the French capital in 1941 to present his performance of Tristan with the Berlin State Opera.
From 1940 onward, Karajan's overseas appearances grew. He appeared in Italy, and gave concerts in Romania and Hungary. A major achievement was to secure popularity for Orff’s Carmina Burana, a score that had aroused some hostility from the Nazi hierarchy at its first performance in 1937 before Karajan’s performances in Aachen and Berlin during the early 1940s.
Karajan and the Nazis: an opportunistic relationship
Driven by a fanatical love of music and a desire to advance his career, there’s little doubt that Karajan’s involvement with the Nazi regime was opportunistic.
Doubtless though there were also areas of Nazi policy that may well have chimed in with his own views. At the same time falling foul of the regime on occasions, his personal ideology can be best described as a montage of greys; nothing is ever clear-cut and nor perhaps should be our assessment of his work.